Here's the guaranteed solution (no thanks to you guys : P )
Don't just hit uninstall for Arma 3 in Steam. Manually delete the entire Arma 3 folder so no files remain afterward. You want a 100% fresh install, at least fresher than Steam usually gives you, cause it won't delete the Arma 3 folder, just most of the installed files. This guarantees that you will no longer experience this issue.
As for causes, a friend suggested it could have to do with a server script corrupting my client, but we don't know.